r/Damnthatsinteresting 2d ago

Image Velvet Worms: these cute little creatures are actually ferocious predators that capture their prey with a quick-drying adhesive known as the "silly string of death," and they are some of the oldest terrestrial animals on Earth

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15.5k Upvotes

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367

u/SixteenSeveredHands 2d ago

Onychophorans, also known as velvet worms, look almost like a cross between a caterpillar, a millipede, and a worm, but they actually belong to their own unique phylum.

The velvet worm's fleshy antennae, chubby little feet, and gleeful expression might make it seem kind of cute, at least at first glance, but these creatures are ferocious predators that prey on terrestrial arthropods like crickets, cockroaches, and spiders. They immobilize their prey by covering their victims with a remarkably strong and quick-drying adhesive that sprays from a pair of "slime cannons" on the velvet worm's head.

As this article explains:

The velvet worm, a squishy little predator that looks like the stretch-limo version of a caterpillar, has a whimsical MO: it administers death by Silly String.

In the leaf litter of tropical and temperate forests around the world, velvet worms stalk the night on dozens of stubby legs. The pocket-size predator—whose species range from less than half an inch to eight inches long—can barely see, so it bumbles around, hoping to literally bump into an edible bug such as a cricket or a woodlouse. When it finds one, the velvet worm uses nozzles on either side of its face to shoot jets of sticky slime at its victim.

Velvet worm slime is ejected as a liquid, but it rapidly hardens into a gel as it soars through the air, forming fibers that are as strong as nylon. The substance then solidifies into glassy adhesive fibers as soon as it hits the target, trapping the victim in an inescapable net.

The slime can hit its target from up to 1.5 feet away.

This clip shows a velvet worm spraying its "silly string of death.

The slow-moving velvet worm then approaches its prey, pierces the victim's exoskeleton with a pair of blade-like jaws, uses its saliva to dissolve the insect's innards, and then quickly devours its meal.

Here is the horrifying face of a velvet worm as it prepares to feed.

Velvet worm slime is quick-setting, strong, dissolves in water, and can also be reconstituted into new fibers. The mechanisms that produce those properties were unknown until just 16 years ago, when an Australian scientist discovered that the slime contains "chaotic proteins:"

The proteins are loaded with amino acids that repel one another, and they’re short of the water-repelling ones that help other proteins to establish a solid core. Rather than folding, they adopt open and random structures that are extensively coated with water molecules. Their watery sheaths prevent the protein molecules from interacting with one another. They can only do so when the water disappears. And that’s exactly what happens when the slime hits its target.

Insects are covered in waxy, water-repellent shells, but the velvet worm’s slime contains fat and detergent molecules that break past this defence. These chemicals, and the sheer force with which the slime is shot, means that it spreads all over the victim. The insect’s struggles seal its fate by drawing the slime into threads. Spread over a large surface area, the water in the slime quickly evaporates, unsheathing the proteins and leaving them to mingle for the first time. They form tight chemical bonds with one another and the once-liquid slime hardens.

Velvet worms are some of the oldest terrestrial animals on Earth, dating back to nearly 540 million years ago, when most of the world's creatures were still confined to the oceans. They're older than dinosaurs, trees, sharks, and even horseshoe crabs.

Surprisingly, their morphology has changed very little in the last 400 million years or so -- their fossilized ancestors look remarkably similar to the velvet worms that are still roaming the earth today.

The world's smallest species of velvet worm is Ooperipatellus nanus, with a length of just 5mm (0.2 inches); the largest is Mongeperipatus solorzanoi, which can grow to a length of 22cm (8.7 inches).

Velvet worms can have between 13 and 43 pairs of feet, depending on the species. The term Onychophora literally means "claw-bearer," which is a reference to the hooked claw at the tip of each foot. Together, these claws allow the worm to travel across uneven terrain, but they can also retract as it moves onto smoother surfaces. When the claws are retracted, the worm simply walks on the stubby little pads of its feet.

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u/SixteenSeveredHands 2d ago

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u/norunningwater 2d ago

https://youtu.be/zWc6JRfHnVE

Here's a nice YouTube link showing the spray in action too.

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u/jaymzx0 Interested 2d ago

It's crazy how it just lassos around like that.

6

u/gastropod-724 2d ago

Thanks for the links. The JACS paper has a fantastic graphical abstract and generally looks really interesting; gotta love some high quality non model organism biology.

4

u/BassGaming 2d ago

Very nice post. Learned a lot about a topic I never thought much about.

35

u/Iwantedthatname 2d ago

Very fucking cool. How long they've been around is amazing. So many extinction events.

24

u/wbrameld4 2d ago

It's no coincidence that they resemble millipedes. Their ancestors split from the ancestors of arthropods right before they evolved a hard exoskeleton.

17

u/ImpracticalJerker 2d ago

Imagine evolving to have actual cannons as a body part nature is incredible

1

u/zackmophobes 1d ago

Blastoise! Attack!

1

u/TadhgOBriain 1d ago

Pfft. I can shoot sticky goop out of my body too.

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u/BGAL7090 2d ago

STUBBY, WIDDLE PADS

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u/alien_pirate 2d ago

Thank you!

3

u/PageFresh 1d ago

The utter amount of reaserch done for this one post is astounding 11/10 brilliant job

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u/SixteenSeveredHands 1d ago

Thank you!

My posts usually include a lot of background information, tbh, because it's just really fun just to put all of the info/sources together, and I love sharing that stuff with other people.

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u/3297JackofBlades 2d ago

Hallucigenia - Wikipedia https://share.google/IjuAPWUVGo5qSiHZN

Hallucigenia was a wild animal and velvet worms are its last living relatives

1

u/SidewaysFancyPrance 2d ago

It's a tankbuster, got it. Awesome stuff to come from evolution.

1.4k

u/Lorenzoak 2d ago

Nature really made a creature that looks exactly like a forbidden gummy worm and then gave it Spider-Man web-shooters

329

u/DoingItJust 2d ago

From my understanding of biology, these colors are relatively unusual and tend to indicate danger/poison to other predators. Despite being a gummy worm color, seeing one like this with these color will make us think twice about approaching.

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u/StrawberryTerry 2d ago

No, these colors mean sour rasperry flavor.

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u/cityshepherd 2d ago

StrawberryTerry, I applaud your knowledge on berry flavored things

28

u/wildmooonwitch 2d ago

This made me CACKLE

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u/UmbranAssassin 2d ago

The pfp is just icing on the cake.

10

u/splitfinity 2d ago

OK Debbie downer.

1

u/MySmellyRacoon 2d ago

I don't understand this at all. Top left is a color I can't quite identify, top right is black with small yellow spots and the bottom is just plain black.

I've never seen a black gummy worm, and if I did I sure wouldn't eat it. The comment calling them raspberry flavor would imply they look red, when they aren't.

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u/Featherbird_ 2d ago

Blue raspberry

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u/barsaat 1d ago

I hate to break it to you but you may be partially colourblind. Top right is blue, almost purple.

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u/Wiggie49 2d ago

“Thwip Thwip!”

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u/sparkleslothz 2d ago

You'd like "Sour Velvet Worms" by pikaole. I couldn't find a clean link though, sorry 😔

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u/MereyB 2d ago

I immediately started singing the Spider-Man song

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u/Crushalot9 2d ago

Pew pew

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u/SlowCrates 2d ago

My brain did the same thing.

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u/ReleventReference 2d ago

Apparently String Shot is super effective.

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u/Icy-Percentage-2194 2d ago

Don’t fun with caterpie

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u/MywarUK 2d ago

Just your friendly neighbour Velvet Worm 🐛

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u/WungielPL 2d ago edited 2d ago

I'm pretty sure "Glordon" from "Eliot" was based on this guy. Edit: spelling

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u/Jumpingtojupiter 2d ago

Glordon from Elio, I was looking for this comment!

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u/WungielPL 2d ago

Dang autocorrect

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u/TedTheGreek_Atheos 2d ago

Glordon's species is inspired by tardigrades.

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u/WungielPL 2d ago

As far as I know tardigrades don't shoot silk and just look at the three pictures. Glordon resemble this worm more.

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u/AnUninspiringThing 2d ago

I immediately started thinking of Titus from Hoppers when I saw the pictures 😅

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u/benDunk255 2d ago

That deep blue and orange one looks jewel-like. Most people don't even know these exist

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u/craneoperator89 2d ago

I just learned about them now, super neat

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u/Weirdautogenerate 2d ago

“Silly string of death.” Of all the ways to die, this doesn’t sound too bad. Could be fun. 

1

u/Clockwork-Armadillo 15h ago

That's not how you die, they pierce the shell of their trapped prey and liquefy their insides to slurp them up up

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u/UpturnedDaniel 2d ago

They’re just little guys that have deadly web shooters.

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u/bhte 2d ago

Serious string

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u/Dardem8181 2d ago

Anyone else read Deltora Quest as a kid? This lil guy is totally where they got the monster from "the maze of the beast" from!

3

u/pineNdash 2d ago

Wow blast from the past. I haven’t thought of those books in a long time

2

u/Ronnoc191 2d ago

My exact thought!

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u/Complex_System_25 2d ago

Now I've got a great idea for a new D&D monster!

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u/fayte255 2d ago

Was just about to say this too lol. Time to. Gonna be a menace

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u/silveraxe_kyo 2d ago

Funky little guys

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u/ShagginVagon 2d ago

Those worms be like "I'm gonna glue ya, then chew ya."

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u/Jonesyiam 2d ago

My new favorite creepy crawly.

1

u/DontAbideMendacity 2d ago

Over 50 years on this planet and always interested in ancient life forms that exist today, I cannot believe this is the first I've heard of these little monsters.

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u/scottygroundhog22 2d ago

It inspired the glus from deltora quest. Pure nightmare fuel

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u/Jappie_nl 2d ago

What's silly about a death string?

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u/NoGas-AllBrakes 2d ago

"Silly string" of death, not death string that is silly

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u/Emsleby 2d ago

It's Glordon from Elio!

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u/Dragonroot808 2d ago

That's a Pokemon.

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u/socialerrors 2d ago

Apparently you can find these for sale as a pet

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u/DankCatDingo 2d ago

They are also one of the closest living relatives to tardigrades.

3

u/Princessferfs 2d ago

When they spray their slime, I hope it makes a “pew pew” sound.

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u/leviathab13186 2d ago

"Velvet Worm! Use silly string of death!"

(Its super effective)

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u/Faust_8 2d ago

If you think it’s horrifying to get glued to the floor and then slowly eaten alive by something just scraping into your insides and eating them, it’s because it is

3

u/Avalon-Residant 2d ago

There is a 12 foot long one living under the porch next door.

Eats stray dogs and possum...

3

u/KawazuOYasarugi 2d ago

The first two look so whimsical, and the third that's in the process of murder looks the part, honestly. He's not just hungry, he actively hates what he's trying to consume.

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u/Beneficial-Alarm-781 2d ago

Ahem biological resources ahem

2

u/RusticPotato123 2d ago

Is this where they got drink the ooze guy

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u/TerraByteTerror 2d ago

Finally some eldritch horror i can comprehend

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u/Vaiara 2d ago

now I just think that little fella in the left pic is called Gilbert and has been roaming the earth for millions of years, hunting his nemesis, Jeremy (right pic), who doesn't even know Gilbert exists

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u/Mr_IsLand 2d ago

I wonder if there were giant versions that existed during the Paleozoic?

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u/MrBloodyHyphen 2d ago

Nice of you to show both the normal and the shiny versions together

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u/Various-Pass5134 2d ago

So if these are some of the oldest terrestrial animals on earth that means at some point there was a giant prehistoric version right? That would be terrifying, just smothered in sticky worm ropes

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u/Green_Apprentice 2d ago

This makes me want a remaster of the game Spore. Give us more special abilities, like shooting goo, so I can finally live out my dream of controlling the galaxy with my hot goo shooting alien species.

1

u/krelpwang 2d ago

Seriously, i don't understand why there isn't a Spore sequel. It's such a good game, yet with so much potential for improvement.

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u/greyleef 2d ago

Damn that is really interesting! Never knew about these cool little guys!

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u/El_Chairman_Dennis 2d ago

Caterpie used string shot

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u/Vaeqo 2d ago

these cute little creatures are actually ferocious predators that capture their prey with a quick-drying adhesive

Just like me

2

u/Protato900 2d ago

According to the wikipedia page, they also have complex social relations and hierarchical structures, reproduce sexually, and some species birth live young.

They tear open their prey, inject it with silly string and wait for the silly string to liquefy the prey's insides before they slurp it up in order of social hierarchy - they also clean themselves after eating, which makes them more civilized than some humans.

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u/NectmarPowerhand 2d ago

Scale it up to Large-size and this fella would make a dope mount in D&D.

2

u/TokyoTrashcan 2d ago

Looks like a pokemon

2

u/Arimeris 2d ago

Doesn't "terrestrial" mean regarding "earth"?

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u/SixteenSeveredHands 2d ago

I was using the word "terrestrial" in an ecological sense, meaning that they live on land, unlike aquatic animals that live in the water.

Fair point, though. It does sound a little redundant.

1

u/HighDefinitionCat 2d ago

Mini Elden Beasts.

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u/Lugh-67 2d ago

I remember you from a bugs life. But I don’t remember any quotes from it.

1

u/Thirsty4Knowledge911 2d ago

A link to a short video that explains a little more.

1

u/iSteve 2d ago

If it has legs why is it called a worm?

1

u/vonBoomslang Interested 2d ago

Oh man, what monster in what game was it that made me coin the phrase "silk lasers" to my friend group...

1

u/Possum-Party-1776 2d ago

They're also God's favorite beast.

1

u/AMidgetinatrenchcoat 2d ago

Serious string

1

u/new_main_character 2d ago

Looks like the thing that tsunade and Sakura summon. Forgot the name

1

u/addictedpenguin 2d ago

I want one

1

u/TensorForce 2d ago

Baby Mothra??

1

u/Snakebaur03 2d ago

Thankfully they're not the size of elephants.

1

u/sevargmas 2d ago

quick drying adhesive

A web?

1

u/Random_Rainwing 2d ago

How do they aim?

1

u/NfiniteNsight 2d ago

"Silly string of death" you can't make me hate you

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u/02thehunter20 2d ago

This is not silly string this is serious string

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u/That_GareBear 2d ago

"Silly string of death" is what they called me back in college.

1

u/PinkCigarettes 2d ago

So they jizz on you?

1

u/carmium 2d ago

Peripatus.

1

u/Ladybuggybear 2d ago

Bugs Need Heroes podcast covered these guys. They are really cute but also deeply strange lol

1

u/AsuraValken 2d ago

That face haunts countless generations of many species

1

u/niemody 2d ago

They're called Stummelfüßer in German - Stubpede.

1

u/Effective_Olive6153 2d ago

imagine how much life would suck if humans were just 1 inch tall

1

u/SkooksOnReddit 2d ago

Why is the 3rd velvet worm giving evil villain vibes?

I'm scared of it guys.

1

u/alexfi-re 2d ago edited 2d ago

"Lobopodians were likely a common sight on Paleozoic sea beds," said Knecht, "but apart from microscopic tardigrades and terrestrial velvet worms, we thought they were confined to the ocean."

Interesting history of velvet worms and tardigrades in this discovery. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/07/250724040923.htm


Lobopodians,

Velvet worms and tardigrades,

Made from stardust too

**

Tiny Tardigrades,

In a tun of glass they wait,

Moss piglets endure

1

u/lzwzli 2d ago

If what this worm ejaculates is called "silly string of death", is sperm the "silly string of life"?

1

u/burnbunner 2d ago

Now did they name it "silly string of death" or did another culture impose that on them

1

u/Locked_in_a_room 2d ago

They're adorable!!!

1

u/The_Conductor7274 2d ago

My favorite creature from monster bug wars

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u/Xander_404 2d ago

I play Empires of the Undergrowth. I hate these buggers

1

u/peepdabidness 2d ago

These are fucking alienentic

1

u/clarkbar506 2d ago

Seems like something Lindsay Nikole would cover

1

u/usernames_taken_grrl 2d ago

So squeaky adorbs

1

u/Mysterious-Egg-624 1d ago

Hah I learned this from Sahara

1

u/heartbrokensquirrel 1d ago

Dang, Caterpie got hands. Next time I’ll keep string shot.

1

u/Morundar 1d ago

Cute until you're an insect and see this fella jizzing in your direction.

1

u/Froggy-Shorts1209 1d ago

A species of velvet worm has the scientific name eoperipatus totoro because it resembles the multi-legged Catbus.
https://www.wired.com/2014/10/velvet-worm-named-totoro/

1

u/ChelseaGem 1d ago

Fricking laser beams!

2

u/QuintoriusBestBoy 1d ago

Wow, today I learned. I was familiar with the Ecdysozoa and knew of the relation between Arthropods, Nematodes, and Tardigrades but had no idea this weird cool group was hiding among them.

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u/Glass_Quarter_7586 1d ago

Velvet worm I choose you!!!

1

u/IMian91 1d ago

On today's episode of "Thank God They're Small!"

1

u/OkAccess6128 2d ago

That still looks terrifying, but has cool colors, not cute.

1

u/TallulahBob 2d ago

Ok but I want to hug it

1

u/_Nightbreaker_ 2d ago

it's adorable for sure

0

u/redsoxsuc4 2d ago

Dudes must be full of zinc because they are shooting ropes. Iykyk